Acabada la guerra

Acabada la guerra, celebró cinco triunfos: cuatro después de la derrota de Escipión, en el mismo mes, pero con algunos días de intervalo, y uno más después de haber vencido a los hijos de Pompeyo. El primero y mas sobresaliente de todos fue el de las Galias, le siguió el de Alejandría, luego el del Ponto, a continuación de éste el africano, y en último lugar el de Hispania, cada uno con aparato y pompa diferentes. El día del triunfo gálico, al atravesar el Velabro, casi salió despedido del carro, al
que se le había roto un eje, y subió al Capitolio a la luz de las antorchas, con cuarenta elefantes que portaban candelabros a su derecha y a su izquierda. En su triunfo del Ponto llevó, entre las andas del cortejo, un rótulo de tres palabras, "llegué, vi, vencí", que no pretendía, como en las demás ocasiones, resaltar las hazañas de la guerra, sino la particularidad de la rapidez con que la llevó a término.

Suetonio. Vidas de los doce césares. Julio César, 37.

Tras haber vuelto de Hispania

Tras haber vuelto de Hispania a Roma, pasando a Macedonia derrotó por fin a Pompeyo en la batalla de Farsalia, después de haberlo tenido sitiado durante casi cuatro meses tras inmensas fortificaciones y, persiguiéndolo en su huida a Alejandría, cuando descubrió que había sido asesinado, emprendió una guerra con el rey Ptolomeo (que veía que también a él le tendía emboscadas) especialmente ardua, ya que ni el lugar ni el tiempo le eran favorables, sino que se desarrolló en invierno y dentro de las murallas de un enemigo muy bien pertrechado y muy astuto, mientras que él mismo carecía de todo y no se encontraba preparado. Vencedor en ella, entrego el reino de Egipto a Cleopatra y a su hermano menor, por temor a convertirlo en provincia romana para que fuese un día, en manos de un gobernador lo bastante impetuoso, cuna de revoluciones. De Alejandría pasó a Siria y de allí al Ponto, porque le urgían a ello las noticias sobre Farnaces, hijo de Mitrídates el Grande, que por entonces se había levantado en armas aprovechando la ocasión favorable y cuya arrogancia se habia ya visto incrementada por numerosos éxitos. Al quinto día de su llegada, a las cuatro horas de haber salido a su encuentro, lo derrotó por completo en una sola batalla, razón por la que a menudo mencionaba la suerte de Pompeyo, que había alcanzado su principal gloria militar gracias a un tipo de enemigos tan ineptos para la guerra. Luego vencio a Escipión y a Jubal, que reanimaban en Africa los restos de su partido, y a los hijos de Pompeyo en Hispania.

Suetonio. Vidas de los doce césares. Julio César, 35.

El resumen de las acciones

El resumen de las acciones que a continuacion emprendió es, por orden cronológico, el siguiente: ocupo Piceno, Umbría y Etruria, sometió a su autoridad e hizo dimitir a Lucio Domicio, que con motivo del estado de guerra había sido nombrado su sucesor y ocupaba Corfinio con una guarnición, y se dirigió, siguiendo la costa del mar Adriático, a Brindisi, adonde se habían refugiado los cónsules
y Pompeyo con la intencion de cruzar el mar cuanto antes. Después de haber fracasado en su intento de impedir con todo tipo de obstáculos su partida, volvió sobre sus pasos en direccion a Roma, habló a los senadores sobre la situación política, y marchó contra las mejores tropas de Pompeyo, que se encontraban en Hispania a las órdenes de los tnes legados Marco Petreyo, Lucio Afranio y Marco Varrón, no sin antes declarar a sus amigos que iba contra un ejercito sin general y que de allí volvería contra un general sin ejército. Y aunque le hicieron retrasarse el asedio de Marsella, que le había cerrado las puertas en su camino, y una extrema escasez de víveres, logró, sin embargo, rápidamente una total victoria.

Suetonio. Vidas de los doce césares. Julio César, 34

Ante sus dudas, se le ofreció la siguiente señal

Ante sus dudas, se le ofrecio la siguiente señal prodigiosa. Un hombre de extraordinaria estatura y belleza aparecio de repente, sentado en un lugar cercano, tocando una flauta; habiendo acudido en masa para oirle, ademas de los pastores, una multitud de soldados de los puestos vecinos, y entre estos tambien trompetas, le arrebato a uno de ellos su instrumento, se lanzo hacia el rio y, comenzando a tocarlo con enorme aliento, se dirigio a la otra orilla. Entonces dijo César:  "Vayamos a donde nos llaman los prodigios de los dioses y la iniquidad de nuestros enemigos. La suerte esta echada".

Suetonio. Vida de los doce césares. Julio César, 32.

Having entered upon his office

Having entered upon his office, he introduced a new regulation, that the daily acts both of the senate and people should be committed to writing, and published. He also revived an old custom, that an officer should precede him, and his lictors follow him, on the alternate months when the fasces were not carried before him. Upon preferring a bill to the people for the division of some public lands, he was opposed by his colleague, whom he violently drove out of the forum. Next day the insulted consul made a complaint in the senate of this treatment; but such was the consternation, that no one having the courage to bring the matter forward or move a censure, which had been often done under outrages of less importance, he was so much dispirited, that until the expiration of his office he never stirred from home, and did nothing but issue edicts to obstruct his colleague's proceedings. From that time, therefore, Caesar had the sole management of public affairs; insomuch that some wags, when they signed any instrument as witnesses, did not add " in the consulship of Caesar and Bibulus," but, "of Julius and Caesar;" putting the same person down twice, under his name and surname. The following verses likewise were currently repeated on this occasion:

“Non Bibulo quidquam nuper, sed Caesare factum est;
Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini.”

“Nothing was done in Bibulus's year:
No; Caesar only then was consul here.”

The land of Stellas, consecrated by our ancestors to the gods, with some other lands in Campania left subject to tribute, for the support of the expenses of the government, he divided, but not by lot, among upwards of twenty thousand freemen, who had each of them three or more children. He eased the publicans, upon their petition, of a third part of the sum which they had engaged to pay into the public treasury; and openly admonished them not to bid so extravagantly upon the next occasion. He made various profuse grants to meet the wishes of others, no one opposing him; or if any such attempt was made, it was soon suppressed. Marcus Cato, who interrupted him in his proceedings, he ordered to be dragged out of the senate-house by a lictor, and carried to prison. Lucius Lucullus, likewise, for opposing him with some warmth, he so terrified with the apprehension of being criminated, that to deprecate the consul's resentment, he fell on his knees. And upon Cicero's lamenting in some trial the miserable condition of the times, he the very same day, by nine o'clock, transferred his enemy, Publius Clodius, from a patrician to a plebeian family; a change which he had long solicited in vain. At last, effectually to intimidate all those of the opposite party, he by great rewards prevailed upon Vettius to declare, that he had been solicited by certain persons to assassinate Pompey; and when he was brought before the rostra to name those who had been concerted between them, after naming one or two to no purpose, not without great suspicion of subornation, Caesar, despairing of success in this rash stratagem, is supposed to have taken off his informer by poison.

Suetonio. Vidas de los doce césares. Julio César, 20.

Having renounced all hope of obtaining Egypt

Having renounced all hope of obtaining Egypt for his province, he stood candidate for the office of chief pontiff, to secure which, he had recourse to the most profuse bribery. Calculating, on this occasion, the enormous amount of the debts he had contracted, he is reported to have said to his mother, when she kissed him at his going out in the morning to the assembly of the people, "I will never return home unless I am elected pontiff." In effect, he left so far behind him two most powerful competitors, who were much his superiors both in age and rank, that he had more votes in their own tribes, than they both had in all the tribes together.

Suetonio. Vida de los doce césares, Julio César, 13.

Farther Spain fell to his lot as quaestor

Farther Spain fell to his lot as quaestor; when there, as he was going the circuit of the province, by commission from the praetor, for the administration of justice, and had reached Gades, seeing a statue of Alexander the Great in the temple of Hercules, he sighed deeply, as if weary of his sluggish life, for having performed no memorable actions at an ages at which Alexander had already conquered the world. He, therefore, immediately sued for his discharge, with the view of embracing the first opportunity, which might present itself in The City, of entering upon a more exalted career. In the stillness of the night following, he dreamt that he lay with his own mother; but his confusion was relieved, and his hopes were raised to the highest pitch, by the interpreters of his dream, who expounded it as an omen that he should possess universal empire; for that the mother who in his sleep he had found submissive to his embraces, was no other than the earth, the common parent of all mankind.

Suetonio. Vida de los doce césares, Julio César, 7.

Julius Caesar, the divine

Julius Caesar, the divine, lost his father when he was in the sixteenth year of his age; and the year following, being nominated to the office of high-priest of Jupiter, he repudiated Cossutia, who was very wealthy, although her family belonged only to the equestrian order, and to whom he had been contracted when he was a mere boy. He then married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, who was four times consul; and had by her, shortly afterwards, a daughter named Julia. Resisting all the efforts of the dictator Sylla to induce him to divorce Cornelia, he suffered the penalty of being stripped of his sacerdotal office, his wife's dowry, and his own patrimonial estates; and, being identified with the adverse faction, was compelled to withdraw from Rome. After changing his place of concealment nearly every night, although he was suffering from a quartan ague, and having effected his release by bribing the officers who had tracked his footsteps, he at length obtained a pardon through the intercession of the vestal virgins, and of Mamercus AEmilius and Aurelius Cotta, his near relatives. We are assured that when Sylla, having withstood for a while the entreaties of his own best friends, persons of distinguished rank, at last yielded to their importunity, he exclaimed-either by a divine impulse, or from a shrewd conjecture: "Your suit is granted, and you may take him among you; but know," he added, " that this man, for whose safety you are so extremely anxious, will, some day or other, be the ruin of the party of the nobles, in defence of which you are leagued with me; for in this one Caesar, you will find many a Marius."

Suetonio. Vida de los doce césares, Julio César, 1.